Based on Bernstein` s (1967) theoretical tenets that skill consists in organizing movement elements (e. g. , body links) into a controllable unit with manageable degree of freedom through the application of appropriate equations of constraints, motor skill learning is theorized as the acquisition of efficient constraining of body segments involved in desired goal movements. To elucidate the spatial and temporal patterns of constraints, a golf swing movement by the skilled golfers and the novice players, respectively was filmed using high speed camera with 300fpt. Analyses were made of the spatial and temporal structures of changes in joint angles around shoulders, elbows, and wrists. Results indicated that marked differences existed between the skilled and the novice players in both spatial patterns and temporal relationships of angular changes. Specifically, the unskilled novice players were more frequent in angular changes in all related joints and were also bigger in amplitude of angular changes. Also noted in the unskilled was that the times of angular changes of body segments were generally late in the whole movement phase. These findings were interpreted to mean to support Bernsteinian tenets and to suggest that practice induces changes in constraints both spatially and temporally, so that skilled movements can be possible by efficiently redefining relationships among several body segments.

This study is based on the result of 6 weeks training program with 36shooters(as test subjects) who were high school students from Seoul and Gyunggido area, which was for checking how `concentration` training affects the shooting performances and the improvement of concentration-abilities, and whether there are correlations between `concentration-abilities` and shooting performances. The study issues set for this study are as follows; Study issue I : What` s relation between shooting performance and concentration training ? Study issue Ⅱ : Would concentration affect the improvement of concentration abilities ? Study issue llI : Would concentration-abilities affect the improvement shooting performances ? Followings are the results of this study based on the abovementioned study issues. Result I : There weue meaningful differences in shooting performances between the cases guoup and the control group. Result II : There were common correlations between concentration abilities and shooting performances. With the above results, I have come to the following conclusions. Conclusion I : Concentration training makes an effect on the improvement of shooting performances. Conclusion Ⅱ : Concentration training makes an effect on the improvement of concentration abilities. Conclusion lII : There are normal correlations between shooting performa-nces and concentration abilities.

Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) is the delay in the response to the second of two closely spaced stimuli. This study was examined to find out the effects of inter-stimulus intervals and number of alternatives on PRP. Subjects were 5 female students who participated in experiment voluntarily. Experimental task was double-stimulus task which first task was button pressing and second task was target aiming. Results showed that inter-stimulus interval influences on PRP, and number of alternatives does influence on PRP.

The purpose of this study was to establish coach`s role and develop the coach`s leadership scale based on the competing values concept of whole and dynamic leader` s role. Quinn` s Competing Values Instrument (Extended Version) which is composed of 32 items was translated and extended to 64 items in order to represent sport situation. Data were collected for 194 coaches and 210 athletes from 8 sport events. In order to extract the factors with coach` s role, factor analysis was performed based on 64 items. From the analysis, six factors of coach` s role are creator, broker, goal setting and director, coordinator, monitor, and support and mentor` s role. 23 items validity were performed by item-to-total correlation and Cronbach`s alpha was computed to verify the reliability. Coach` s competing values leadership scale composed of 6 role factors and 23 items was developed and criteria for constructing coach` s leadership profile.

This project was conducted in order to examine visual of the elite athletes and compared the different visual abilities between elite and non-elite athletes by employing seven different visual ability tests. After administring the visual ability tests, important visual characteristics which might have important role to become elite athetes were identified. In the second experiment, two different visual abilities(dynamic visual acuity and depth perception) selected in order to examine the visual training effect for baseball hitting performance for these visual abilities had shown the most relevant visual characteristics for batting performance in the first experiment. The results revealed there were different visual characteristics between athletes in different sports (archery, shooting, ice hockey, baseball), and elite and non-elite athletes. The results also found specific relationship between certain visual characteristics and the sports events. The results of the second experiment revealed the subjects in the experiment group(visual training group) improved their visual abilities significantly through specially designed visual training in the laboratory and the improved visual abilities had positive effect on batting performance in the field.

The purpose of this study is to prove that Post-KR delay interval is one of the variables in motor learning. It also aims at showing how the intervals vary according to different age groups. Theories of information processing and forgetting are disscussed with the assumption that longer the Post-KR delay interval is, the better peformance subjects show when dealing with simple tasks. Three groups, each comprising 30 subjects of age 7, 11, and adults were given curvilinear repositoning task, under 3 different time sequences of 3, 10, and 20 seconds. The three-way ANOVA with repeated measures conducted in the acquisition phase showed a significant difference in terms of age groups, temporal conditions, and blocks. The two-way ANOVA conducted in the transfer phase resulted in a significant difference among different age groups. Extended Post-KR interval brought about poor learning. This can be attributed to the character of the task, which indicates that theories of information processing and forgetting, specially their attributory interpretations can not be applied in the task of simple tasks.

This study aimed at the comparative analysis of the psychological factors between the successful and unsuccessful female table tennis players. The subjects were 24 female table tennis players 12 successful players and 12 unsuccessful players. Personality traits, anxiety level, concentration and attention style were selected as the psychological factors. 16PF, SCAT, Grid, and TAIS were used to test the selected psychological factors. T-test was employed for the analysis. The findings of the study were as the follwings. 1. The successful players had higher degree of tendency in the reserved, the consciencious, the guilt proneness, and the leadership dimensions in personality. The unsuccessful players had higher degree of tendency in the outgoing, the expendient, and the untroubled dimensions. 2. The successful players showed higher level of competitive anxiety and concentration than the unsuccessful players. 3. The successful players showed the tendency of keeping more effective attention style than the unsuccessful players.